Collection: Our Small Fruits - Our Small Fruit Plants

Bairiverse, a specialist in small fruit plants for market gardening professionals, offers a complete range combining superior quality, varieties adapted to the terroirs and personalized technical advice to maximize productivity, while meeting the specific requirements of crops, from planting to harvest.

How to choose the right professional berry plants: essential criteria for market gardeners

To successfully purchase professional berry plants , several essential criteria must be taken into account:

Plant quality

Plant quality is paramount. Look for plants that are robust, well-developed , and free of visible diseases or pests . Healthy, shiny foliage , firm stems , and white or beige roots are good indicators. Avoid plants that appear droopy or unbalanced in their pots.

Choice of variety

The choice of variety is crucial and must match your production objectives. Choose varieties that offer high taste quality , good pest resistance and reliable yield . Consult the lists of varieties recommended for organic cultivation, updated annually by organizations such as FiBL.

Adaptability to the terroir

Adaptability to the soil is essential. Choose locally grown plants , already acclimatized to the soil and climate conditions of your region . This will promote better recovery and growth after planting.

Benefits of professional plants

• The superior quality of plants from specialized nurseries translates into better resistance to diseases and pests , as well as more vigorous growth . These plants benefit from meticulous care for months, even years, ensuring their robustness.
• Yields are generally higher and more reliable with professional plants. Their initial vigor and health allow for better fruiting and more abundant production over the long term.
• Purchasing from specialist suppliers like Bairiverse offers expert support and monitoring . You benefit from personalized advice on variety selection , cultivation techniques and how to manage potential problems . This technical support helps optimize your production and maximize your profitability .
• Although the initial investment may be slightly higher , the value for money pays off in the long run . Professional plants generally require less maintenance and offer better longevity , more than offsetting the initial extra cost.

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What types of plants should you choose for optimal berry production?

To choose the ideal type of plant for your berries, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each packaging :

Plants in alveoli or mini-clods

Plants in alveoli or mini-balls are ideal for a quick start . They offer a compact and well-developed root system , facilitating recovery after planting. This format is particularly suitable for strawberries and small shrubby fruits such as blueberries or gooseberries . The main advantage is ease of handling and planting , but they require more frequent watering at the beginning .

Bare-root plants

Bare-root plants are generally less expensive and are ideal for raspberries , blackberries and gooseberries . They adapt well to the soil and develop a robust root system . However, their planting is limited to the dormant period (autumn-winter) and they require more attention when planting to prevent the roots from drying out.

Plants in pots

Potted plants offer a good compromise between ease of planting and root development . They are suitable for most small fruits and allow planting almost all year round , except during periods of frost. Their root system is already well formed , ensuring better recovery .

Potted plants

Potted plants are more developed and can produce fruit more quickly . They are particularly suitable for blackcurrants , gooseberries and blueberries . Although more expensive , they offer almost guaranteed recovery and earlier production .

Example of diversified planting

To optimize your production , it is recommended to plant several plants of each species. Diversity will ensure an abundant harvest spread over time .

Adapt the choice to your objectives

The choice of packaging will also depend on your production objectives , the space available and the planting period . For professional production , plants in pots or containers are often preferred for their robustness and their ability to produce quickly .

Prepare the soil

Whichever you choose, be sure to prepare the soil thoroughly before planting . Loosened , organic-rich , and well-drained soil will help your berry plants establish quickly .

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Which varieties of berries should you choose depending on your region and your growing objectives?

France has a rich diversity of berry varieties , adapted to different regions and growing conditions. Here is an overview of the most common varieties , both traditional and specific :

Strawberry plants

Traditional varieties

Gariguette is one of the most popular, appreciated for its elongated, juicy and fragrant fruits . Ciflorette and Cigoulette are also classic varieties, offering tasty fruits and good productivity .

Specific varieties

• Early : Gariguette and Ciflorette are early varieties, with harvesting beginning in May.
• Late : The Magnus variety is known for its late production.
• Everbearing : Charlotte is currently the most widespread everbearing variety in France, offering production spread from spring to autumn .

Raspberry bushes

Traditional varieties

Heritage and Malling Promise are classic varieties valued for their hardiness .

Specific varieties

• Early : Glen Ample produces high quality early fruit .
• Everbearing : Himbo Top and Zeva are everbearing varieties popular for their extended production .

Gooseberry bushes

Gooseberry production is mainly concentrated in Hauts-de-France , which represents 27% of the national area . The Junifer (red) and Blanka (white) varieties are widely cultivated .

Blackcurrant bushes

Burgundy is an important region for blackcurrant cultivation. The Noir de Bourgogne and Andega varieties are prized for their intense flavor .

Blueberry bushes

Aquitaine and Limousin are major areas for blueberry production. Bluecrop and Duke varieties are commonly grown for their productivity and taste quality .

Mulberry trees

The Thornfree variety is popular for its ease of harvesting and productivity .

Choose according to the terroir

It is important to note that the choice of varieties depends heavily on local growing conditions . Regions such as Hauts-de-France, Rhône-Alpes, Burgundy, Val de Loire, Aquitaine , and Limousin each have their own specificities in terms of berry production. Growers must consider factors such as soil, climate, and altitude to select the varieties best suited to their terroir.

Optimize production

To optimize production , it is recommended to combine early, seasonal and late varieties . For example, for strawberries, early varieties like Gariguette can be combined with seasonal and everbearing varieties like Charlotte to spread the harvest over a longer period .

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Everbearing varieties recommended for long and regular production of small fruits

Everbearing varieties of small fruits are particularly interesting for market gardening professionals , as they allow production to be spread over a longer period . Here is a selection of the best everbearing varieties recommended for different species of small fruits:

Everbearing strawberries

Charlotte

This variety is highly valued for its high productivity (700 to 1000g per plant) and its long fruiting period from June to frost. Its heart-shaped fruits have a scent reminiscent of wild strawberries and excellent storage life .

Mara of the Woods

Renowned for its exceptional flavor , this variety produces from May to October with a yield of 800 to 1000g per plant . Its small conical fruits (about 10g) have a sweet and fragrant taste .

Maestro

This variety is distinguished by its large fruits (up to 50g) and abundant production (up to 1 kg per plant) from mid-June to mid-October. It is also known for its resistance to diseases .

Queen of the Valleys

Ideal for growing in pots , this variety produces small, very fragrant fruits from June to October. It is particularly resistant to disease and suitable for growing on balconies or terraces .

Everbearing raspberries

Legacy

This American variety is valued for its abundant production and disease resistance . It produces medium-sized fruits with excellent flavor .

Fallgold

Remarkable for its yellow raspberries , this variety offers continuous production from July to October. Its fruits have a sweet and mild taste , appreciated by consumers.

Other small fruits

For gooseberries, blackcurrants and blueberries , everbearing varieties are less common . However, some blackberry varieties , such as 'Thornfree' , can produce over an extended period .

Tips for choosing the right one

It is important to note that the choice of everbearing varieties must be adapted to local growing conditions and production objectives . Professionals must take into account factors such as:

• disease resistance
• the taste quality of the fruits
• ease of harvesting
• post-harvest conservation

Diversification strategy

To optimize production , it is recommended to combine different everbearing varieties with non-everbearing varieties . This strategy allows:

• to spread the harvest over a longer period
• to diversify the offer
• to better meet the needs of short circuits and local markets

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Optimal planting schedule to maximize berry yield

The planting time for berries is crucial to ensure good recovery and maximize yield . Here is an optimal planting schedule for the main berry species:

Strawberry plants

• Autumn planting : from mid-September to mid-October. This period is ideal because it allows the plants to take root before winter , ensuring better recovery in spring .
• Spring planting : from March to May, as soon as the soil is sufficiently warm. This option is particularly suitable for regions with harsh winters .

Raspberry and blackberry bushes

• Optimal planting : from November to March, excluding periods of frost . This window allows the plants to develop a solid root system before vegetative recovery.
• Planting possible all year round for container plants, with more frequent watering in summer .

Gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes

• Ideal period : from mid-October to mid-December. This autumn planting encourages good rooting before the summer heat.
• Spring planting possible until April for potted plants .

Blueberry bushes

• Best time : Autumn (October-November) or early spring (March-April). Autumn is preferable in regions with mild winters , allowing for better root establishment .

Planting tips

For all these little fruits, it is crucial:

• to avoid periods of frost, heavy rain or intense drought
• to plant in the fall to allow plants to establish before the growing season

To maximize performance , it is recommended to:

• Prepare the soil carefully before planting, enriching it with compost or well-rotted manure
• Respect the recommended planting distances for each species
• Water thoroughly after planting and maintain constant humidity for the first few weeks
• Apply mulch to conserve moisture and limit weed competition

By following this schedule and recommendations , producers can optimize plant recovery and ensure abundant, quality production . It is important to note that local climatic conditions can slightly modify these planting periods, hence the importance of adapting to the specific context of each farm .

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Ideal planting conditions for successful professional berry cultivation

For successful professional cultivation of small fruits , it is essential to respect certain ideal planting conditions :

Exposure

Most berries require sunny exposure for optimal production. A location with good sun exposure , light shade, and protection from prevailing winds is recommended. A north-south orientation of the rows is preferable to ensure sufficient sun exposure. This orientation also promotes faster drying of the plants , thus reducing the risk of disease.

Climate

Small fruits generally adapt well to temperate climates . However, some species have specific needs:

• Raspberry and blackcurrant bushes : need a cold period for good fruiting
• Blueberries : prefer a milder climate

It is crucial to choose varieties adapted to the local microclimate to maximize production .

Ground

Rich, light, and well-drained soil is ideal for most berries. Optimal pH varies depending on the species :

• Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries : neutral to slightly acidic pH (6.0 - 6.5)
• Blueberry bushes : acidic soil (pH 4.5 - 5.5)
• Gooseberries, blackcurrants : slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0 - 7.0)

The incorporation of organic matter (compost, well-rotted manure) is recommended to improve soil structure and fertility .

Planting distances

Planting distances vary depending on the species and the training method:

• Strawberry plants : 30 to 50 cm between plants, 60 to 80 cm between rows
• Raspberry plants : 50 to 60 cm between plants, 2 to 2.5 m between rows
• Gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes : 1 to 1.5 m between plants, 2 to 2.5 m between rows
• Blueberry bushes : 1 to 1.5 m between plants, 2.5 to 3 m between rows

For intensive cultivation , these distances can be reduced, particularly with the use of techniques such as fruit hedge cultivation .

Irrigation

An efficient irrigation system is essential for professional production. Drip irrigation is particularly suitable, allowing for targeted and economical water supply . It is essential to maintain constant humidity , especially during the fruiting period, while avoiding excess water which could encourage the development of diseases.

Protection

The installation of bird netting and rodent fencing is often necessary to protect production . In some areas, the installation of windbreaks can be beneficial to protect crops from strong winds.

By respecting these ideal planting conditions , professional producers can optimize their berry production , both in quantity and quality . It is important to note that these recommendations may require adjustments depending on local specificities and production objectives .

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Optimal growing conditions for professional berry production

For successful professional cultivation of berries , it is essential to optimize planting conditions . Here are the key elements to consider :

Exposure

Most berries require sunny exposure for optimal production. A location with good sun exposure , light shade, and protection from prevailing winds is recommended. A north-south orientation of the rows is preferable to ensure balanced light exposure throughout the day and promote even fruit ripening .

Climate

Small fruits adapt well to temperate climates , but some species have specific needs:

• Raspberry and blackcurrant bushes : need a cold period for good fruiting
• Blueberries : prefer a milder climate

In hot, sunny regions , wider spacing between plants is preferable to limit overheating and promote ventilation .

Ground

Rich, light, and well-drained soil is ideal for most berries. Optimal pH varies depending on the species :

• Strawberries, raspberries : neutral to slightly acidic pH (6.0 - 6.5)
• Blueberry bushes : acidic soil (pH 4.5 - 5.5)
• Gooseberries, blackcurrants : slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0 - 7.0)

Incorporation of organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure is recommended to improve soil structure and fertility .

Planting distances

Optimal distances vary depending on the species and driving method:

• Strawberry plants : 30 to 50 cm between plants, 60 to 80 cm between rows
• Raspberry plants : 50 to 60 cm between plants, 2 to 2.5 m between rows
• Gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes : 1 to 1.5 m between plants, 2 to 2.5 m between rows
• Blueberry bushes : 1 to 1.5 m between plants, 2.5 to 3 m between rows

For intensive cultivation , these distances can be reduced, particularly with the use of techniques such as fruit hedge cultivation . It is important to leave enough space for good air circulation , which limits the risk of fungal diseases such as scab or powdery mildew.

Irrigation

An efficient irrigation system is essential for professional production. Drip irrigation is particularly suitable, allowing for targeted and economical water delivery . It is recommended to water early in the morning to allow water to infiltrate to the roots before the sun heats the soil.

Protection

The installation of bird netting and rodent fencing is often necessary to protect production . In some areas, the installation of windbreaks can be beneficial to protect crops from strong winds .

By respecting these ideal growing conditions , professional growers can optimize their berry production , both in quantity and quality . These recommendations may require adjustments depending on local specificities and production objectives . Careful planning and adaptation to local conditions are essential to ensure the success of professional berry cultivation.

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Starting a berry plot: key steps for successful cultivation

To successfully start a berry patch , follow these essential steps :

Ground preparation

• Test the soil to determine pH and nutrient needs.
• Work the soil deeply (30-40 cm) to loosen it and promote good drainage .
• Incorporate compost or well-rotted manure to enrich the soil with organic matter.
• Install an irrigation system , preferably drip irrigation , for efficient and economical watering.

Choice of varieties

• Select varieties suited to your climate and soil.
• Choose a mix of early, seasonal and late varieties to spread out production.
• Choose varieties that are resistant to diseases common in your region.

Practical organization of plantations

• Plan the row layout in a north-south orientation for optimal sun exposure .
• Respect the recommended planting distances for each species.
• Prepare planting holes that are wide and deep enough (40 cm wide and deep for most small fruits).

Planting

• Plant preferably in the fall for bare-root plants, or in the spring for container plants.
• Praline the roots of bare-root plants before planting to encourage recovery.
• Lightly pack the soil around the plants and water thoroughly .

Post-planting care

• Apply organic mulch to retain moisture and limit weeds .
• Install stakes or training systems for climbing species such as raspberries.
• Install bird netting and rodent fencing to protect your crops.

Production planning

• Establish a schedule for pruning, fertilizing and preventative treatments.
• Allow space for harvesting and temporary storage of fruit .

By following these steps and adapting your practices to the specifics of your land and climate, you will maximize your chances of successfully launching your berry plot.

Remember that patience is essential : some species, such as blueberries, can take several years to reach their full production potential .

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Beneficial associations to optimize the cultivation of small fruits in professional plots

The judicious combination of berry varieties with each other and with companion plants can greatly improve the productivity and health of your plot . Here are some beneficial combinations to consider:

Strawberries: vary the varieties to spread out production

For strawberries , combine different varieties to spread out production . For example, combine early varieties like Gariguette with everbearing varieties like Charlotte . This diversity encourages cross-pollination , improving the quality and quantity of fruit .

Raspberries, strawberries and blueberries: a productive alliance

Raspberry bushes combine well with blueberries and strawberries , forming a harmonious and productive trio . This association allows for optimal use of space and creates a microclimate favorable to the growth of each species.

Natural protection thanks to aromatic plants

To naturally protect your berries against pests, plant:

• garlic or basil nearby (natural repellents against certain insects)
• chives , particularly effective against gooseberry rust

Attract pollinators with honey plants

Honey plants such as lavender , aster or lupin attract pollinating insects , which are essential for good fruiting . They also promote biodiversity and the presence of beneficial insects for natural pest control .

Raspberries and marigolds: protection against drying out

For raspberry plants , intercropping with marigolds can help prevent the branches from drying out . This combination is particularly beneficial in regions with dry climates .

Diversity and resilience

Remember that diversity is the key to success in growing berries. By combining different species and varieties , you create a more resilient ecosystem , better able to resist diseases and pests while optimizing pollination and productivity .

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Professional berry care: essential practices for optimal production

The maintenance of small fruits requires special attention to ensure abundant and quality production . Here are the main aspects to consider :

Watering

Regular and moderate watering is essential for most small fruits. It is recommended:

• water at the base of the plants , early in the morning, to avoid wetting the foliage and reduce the risk of fungal diseases
• to use a drip irrigation system for targeted and economical water supply
• to increase the frequency of watering during periods of foliage development and fruiting

Fertilization

Berries are rich in nutrients . It is necessary to:

• Incorporate compost at the base of the shrubs in the fall
• Apply a specific fertilizer for small fruits in spring , rich in potassium and phosphorus to encourage fruiting

Preventive treatments

Prevention is essential to maintain plant health:

• Space plants far enough apart to ensure good air circulation
• Apply mulch to retain soil moisture and limit weeds
• Spray with horsetail manure to strengthen natural defenses
• Install bird netting to protect your crops

Curative treatments

In case of disease or infestation , act quickly:

• Against powdery mildew or downy mildew : use natural treatments based on chitosan
• In the case of harmful insects: favor biological control (e.g.: introduction of natural predators )

Size and maintenance of the soil

Regular pruning allows for better aeration and quality fruiting . Remember to:

• Carry out regular hoeing and weeding to limit weeds
• Remove runners and dry leaves from strawberry plants before winter

By following these good maintenance practices , you will optimize the health and productivity of your berries. Adapt each recommendation to the specificities of each species and the local conditions of your farm .

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Specific pruning techniques to optimize the productivity of small fruits

Pruning and shaping berries are essential to optimize their growth and production . Here are the specific techniques recommended for each species:

Strawberry plants

Pruning strawberries mainly involves removing runners and old leaves . After harvesting:

• Cut off yellowed or damaged leaves about 10 cm above the root collar.

This operation promotes the development of new, healthy and vigorous leaves .

Raspberry bushes

Non-remontant varieties

• Remove fruiting canes to the ground after harvest.
• Keep 6 to 8 new, vigorous canes per linear meter for the following year's production.

Everbearing varieties

• Option 1 : Cut all canes to ground level at the end of winter (production on new shoots only).
• Option 2 : Selective pruning, keeping the canes that have partially fruited for a double harvest .

Gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes

Pruning aims to thin out vegetation and renew productive wood :

• Remove about a third of the oldest branches (dark wood) each year at the base.
• Simplify double branches and eliminate excess branches.

This pruning promotes the exposure of the fruit to the sun and stimulates the growth of new shoots.

Blueberry bushes

• Prune at the end of winter .
• Remove dead, diseased or low branches .
• For mature plants, remove 15-20% of the oldest branches each year.
• Maintain a "vase" shape to encourage light penetration.

General good pruning practices

• Make clean, sharp cuts just above a bud or side branch.
• Use sharp, disinfected tools between each plant to prevent the spread of disease.

Training size

Formative pruning , during the first few years, is crucial to establish a strong and productive structure . For shrubs such as gooseberries and blackcurrants, aim for an open goblet shape with 3 to 5 well-distributed main branches .

By applying these specific pruning techniques , you will promote:

• better aeration of the plants
• optimal exposure of the fruit to the sun
• a constant renewal of productive wood

These practices guarantee abundant and quality production over the long term.

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Disease diagnosis and appropriate treatments for small fruit crops

Small fruits are prone to various diseases that can affect their growth and production . Here are the most common diseases and the appropriate solutions to treat them:

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew is a common fungal disease of strawberries and gooseberries. It appears as a white coating on the leaves, stems and sometimes the fruit.

• Biological treatments : sprays of diluted baking soda or horsetail manure
• Conventional treatment : application of sulfur

Mildew

Downy mildew particularly affects raspberries and strawberries . It is characterized by brown or black spots on the leaves.

• Prevention : Ensure good air circulation and avoid watering the foliage
• Biological treatments : nettle manure , garlic decoction
• Conventional treatment : Bordeaux mixture

Anthracnose

Anthracnose affects strawberries and raspberries . It causes brown spots on leaves and fruit.

• Preventive actions : remove affected parts and avoid excess humidity
• Biological treatments : horsetail manure , garlic decoction
• Conventional treatment : copper-based fungicides

Rust

Rust mainly affects gooseberry and raspberry bushes , with the appearance of orange pustules on the leaves.

• Natural prevention : plant chives nearby
• Biological treatments : sprays with horsetail manure or willow decoction
• Conventional treatment : specific fungicides

Comprehensive preventive approach

Chitosan , a natural derivative of chitin, is an excellent fungicide and bactericide against cryptogamic diseases. It:

• activates the defense mechanisms of plants
• generates no resistance
• has zero residue and no toxicity

General good practices

• Maintain good hygiene in the plot
• Ensure adequate air circulation between plants
• Adopt appropriate cultural practices

If in doubt about the identification of a disease or the appropriate treatment , it is recommended to consult an arboriculture professional or a specialized agricultural advisor .

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Pest Management: Effectively Protect Your Berry Crops

Small fruits are often targeted by various pests and parasites that can seriously compromise production. Early identification and an integrated pest management strategy are essential for effective crop protection.

Most common pests

Drosophila suzukii

This small midge lays its eggs in ripe fruit, causing significant damage to strawberries, raspberries and blueberries .

• Pheromone traps to monitor populations
• Fine mesh nets to protect crops
• Frequent harvesting and removal of damaged fruit to limit its spread

Aphids

They cause leaf deformation and weaken plants of many species.

• Biological control : introduction of ladybugs or lacewings
• Repellent plants : lavender, basil

Strawberry weevil

This small beetle lays its eggs in flower buds, preventing their development.

• White sticky traps for detection
• Entomopathogenic nematodes in case of infestation

Spider mites

They cause yellowing of leaves and weakening of plants, particularly in strawberries.

• Predatory mites such as Phytoseiulus persimilis
• Maintain good humidity around the plants

Recommended integrated pest management strategy

• Regular crop monitoring to quickly detect pests
• Promoting biodiversity to attract natural helpers
• Use insect nets and physical traps
• Apply targeted biological treatments if necessary (biocontrol)
• Reserve chemical treatments as a last resort, in a localized and reasoned manner

The implementation of an integrated pest management strategy not only protects berry crops , but also preserves the ecological balance of plots and meets consumer demands in terms of food safety and respect for the environment .

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Optimal harvesting and preservation of berries for maximum commercial quality

Harvesting berries is a crucial step that determines the quality and commercial value of the final product. Here are the best practices for efficient harvesting while preserving fruit quality:

Harvest period

Harvesting must be carried out at the correct stage of maturity , which varies depending on the species:

• Strawberries : Harvest when the fruit is evenly colored , usually 3 to 4 days after the onset of coloring .
• Raspberries : Pick the fruits that come off easily , generally every 2 to 3 days .
• Blueberries : Harvest when the fruits are completely blue and come off easily .
• Gooseberries and blackcurrants : harvest in whole bunches when all the fruit is ripe .

It is best to harvest early in the morning , when the fruit is still fresh and its sugar content is at its peak .

Harvesting methods

To preserve the quality of the fruits , it is essential to handle them delicately :

• Use your fingers to gently loosen ripe fruit , without squeezing or crushing it.
• For strawberries , leave the stem attached to extend their shelf life .
• For raspberries and blackberries , use a shallow harvesting basket to avoid crushing the fruit below.

Tools and equipment

Using the right tools makes harvesting much easier:

• For gooseberries and blackcurrants , a berry comb can speed up harvesting while preserving the fruit.
• Ergonomic harvesting baskets , attached to the waist, allow you to keep both hands free for picking.

Preservation of quality

To maintain freshness and commercial quality :

• Avoid harvesting wet fruit , as humidity encourages mold.
• Place the harvested fruits in the shade and in a cool place immediately.
• Cool fruit quickly after harvesting, ideally within 2 hours , to slow down its respiration and preserve its firmness .

Harvest frequency

• For strawberries and raspberries : harvest every 2 to 3 days during the production period.
• For blueberries : a weekly harvest is generally sufficient.

By following these harvesting and storage practices , growers can ensure excellent commercial quality . Careful handling and rapid cooling are the keys to preserving freshness and extending the shelf life of berries , thus meeting market demands for quality and presentation .

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Vegetative propagation techniques for small fruits: methods and best practices for producers

Cuttings , layering and division are vegetative propagation methods commonly used for small fruits in professional production. Each has specific advantages and limitations:

Cuttings

Cuttings are particularly effective for gooseberry, blackcurrant and raspberry bushes . This technique involves taking portions of stems or roots to obtain new plants identical to the mother plant .

• For gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes: dry wood cuttings of around 20 cm , taken in autumn and planted in open ground or in a sand-compost mixture.
• For raspberry bushes: root cuttings taken from October to January .

Advantages of cuttings

• Faithful reproduction of the characteristics of the mother plant
• Simple and economical technique
• High success rate for many species

Boundaries

• Requires healthy and vigorous mother plants
• Risk of spreading diseases without health precautions

Layering

Layering is particularly suitable for raspberry and blackberry bushes . It involves rooting a stem still attached to the mother plant before separating it.

• For raspberry bushes: layering by laying down or by cutting ends in spring .

Advantages of layering

• Simple and inexpensive method
• High success rate
• Obtaining more vigorous plants than by cuttings

Boundaries

• Slow process
• Limited number of plants per mother plant

Division

Division is an effective technique for strawberries and some small fruits like gooseberries. It involves separating a clump into several parts , each containing roots and shoots .

• For strawberry plants: divide the clumps every 3 to 4 years to rejuvenate the plantation.

Advantages of division

• Quick and easy method
• Rejuvenates plants and increases production
• Effective for clump-forming species

Boundaries

• Risk of disease transmission if mother plants are infected
• Limited number of new plants per operation

Choosing the right method

The choice of method depends on the species , the scale of production and the objectives of the farm :

• Cuttings : preferred for gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes
• Layering : recommended for raspberry and blackberry bushes
• Division : ideal for strawberry plants

Tips for sustainable production

These vegetative propagation methods produce plants that are genetically identical to the mother plant. This allows varietal characteristics to be preserved , but can also increase vulnerability to disease due to the lack of genetic diversity .

To maintain healthy and sustainable production , it is recommended to:

• Regularly introduce plants from specialist nurseries
• Combining methods to balance performance and diversity

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Definition and botanical classification of small fruit species

A species is a fundamental concept in biology that designates a group of individuals sharing similar morphological and genetic characteristics , capable of reproducing among themselves and producing viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions.

In botanical classification , the species represents the basic taxon of the taxonomy . It is generally designated by a binomial name in Latin , composed of the genus name followed by the species name. For example: Fragaria × ananassa denotes the cultivated strawberry .

Biological characteristics of a plant species

• Morphology : Individuals of the same species share similar physical traits , although there may be some variability.
• Reproduction : Members of a species can reproduce with each other and produce fertile offspring . In plants, this can be done by sexual reproduction (via flowers and seeds) or asexual reproduction (for example, by runners in strawberries ).
• Genetics : Individuals of a species share a common gene pool , although genetic variations may exist.
• Ecological niche : each species occupies a specific ecological niche , that is to say a particular role in its ecosystem .
• Adaptation : species exhibit specific adaptations to their environment , such as the biological types described by Raunkiaer ( phanerophytes, chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes , etc.).

Classification of small fruits

In the context of berries , cultivated species generally belong to the phylum Spermatophyta and the subphylum Angiospermae . They are characterized by the production of edible fruits , often rich in nutrients and antioxidant compounds .

An evolving classification

It is important to note that the definition of a species can sometimes be complex , particularly due to the existence of interspecific hybrids (such as certain strawberry varieties) or the presence of geographically isolated populations .

The classification of plant species is therefore a constantly evolving field , relying on morphological, genetic and ecological criteria to define the limits between different species.

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Origins and cultural evolution of small fruits: history, selection and varietal diversification

Berries have a rich and diverse history , dating back thousands of years. Their cultivation and consumption have evolved over time, shaped by human migrations and agricultural advances .

Strawberries

Wild strawberries were already being eaten in Europe as early as the Paleolithic period , as evidenced by archaeological finds. However, the modern cultivated strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa ) is the result of an accidental cross between two American species in 18th ^- century France .

Raspberries and blackberries

Raspberries and blackberries were also gathered in the wild long before their domestication. Raspberry cultivation began in Europe in the Middle Ages , probably first in monasteries .

Gooseberry and blackcurrant bushes

Native to Europe and North Asia , they were cultivated in Europe as early as the ^11th century . Their cultivation intensified in the ^16th century , particularly in France and England .

Blueberry bushes

Although long eaten in the wild in North America and Europe , blueberries were not domesticated until the early ^20th century in the United States.

Modern evolution of culture

The evolution of small fruit cultivation experienced a significant acceleration in the ^19th and ^20th centuries , with:

• the improvement of agricultural techniques
• varietal selection targeted on productivity and resistance

For example, in Switzerland , professional breeding of strawberries and raspberries began around 1920 at the Federal Research Station in Wädenswil .

Preservation and diversification

This recent history of intensive cultivation explains the great diversity of varieties available today . Conservation programs such as ProSpecieRara in Switzerland , launched in the late 1990s, have helped preserve and document more than 500 varieties of small fruits .

Constantly adapting global production

The evolution of berry cultivation reflects both:

• agricultural progress
• changes in eating habits
• consumer preferences

Today, berry production is a global industry , with varieties adapted to diverse climates and meeting specific requirements for taste , disease resistance and yield .